Urbanization increases high-risk antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenic bacteria in soil and phyllosphere microbiomes

Urbanization has significantly altered land use and vegetation, impacting microbial diversity. A study examining urban soil and grass phyllosphere microbiomes revealed the lowest α-diversity of bacteria, fungi, and protists in highly urbanized areas, with an increase in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs). High-risk ARGs pose significant vulnerability risks for human well-being. Monitoring the main source of clinical ARGs/VFGs is crucial for sustainable urban management and public health interventions.