The role of breastfeeding in modulating antimicrobial resistance in neonates: a systematic review

A systematic review (2015–2025) shows that breastfeeding plays a complex but important role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in newborns. Breast milk actively shapes the infant gut microbiome and can both introduce antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and help limit their spread by promoting beneficial bacteria and suppressing harmful, drug-resistant strains. The overall impact depends strongly on maternal factors such as antibiotic use, lifestyle, and health status. While breastfeeding appears to support protection against resistant infections, the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood, highlighting the need for further research to clarify how breastfeeding can best contribute to reducing AMR risk in early life.