Efflux pump-mediated resistance to new beta lactam antibiotics in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria

Antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to medical practice, with efflux pump systems playing a crucial role. The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) transporter superfamily is a key determinant of efflux-mediated resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Understanding RND efflux pump-mediated resistance may help identify new antibiotic targets and strategies to minimize resistance emergence.