Antimicrobial resistance in dairy systems: Acomprehensive review

This article provides a comprehensive review of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in dairy production systems, highlighting how widespread antimicrobial use in dairy cattle—especially for conditions such as mastitis, reproductive disorders, and calf diseases—has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in animals, the environment, and food products. It examines key drivers and mechanisms of AMR, documents resistance in major pathogens and commensal bacteria, outlines transmission pathways to humans (including through milk, direct contact, and environmental exposure), and discusses the public health implications of AMR spillover from dairy systems. The review further evaluates current surveillance gaps, advocates for antimicrobial stewardship and alternative disease-control strategies, and urges a coordinated One Health approach integrating policy, education, and cross-sectoral collaboration to sustainably manage AMR in dairy production and protect both animal and human health.