Escherichia coli: An arduous voyage from commensal to Antibiotic-resistance

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common pathogen that can cause severe infections in various parts of the body. Overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which are one of the world’s top public health threats. E. coli can acquire genetic elements containing genes coding for virulence factors, making it a versatile human pathogen. This review aims to address research gaps in the field, including the transfer of resistant genes, resistance mechanisms against various antibiotics, and the relationship between resistance and virulence factors. By bridging these gaps, we can develop more effective strategies to counteract antibiotic resistance in E. coli, ultimately improving public health and patient outcomes.