Clinical perspective of multiple drug resistance tuberculosis: An overview

The development of effective anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs requires a solid understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, yet early drug development efforts were often inefficient, complicating TB treatment. Despite the availability of approved anti-TB medications, rising multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains continue to undermine treatment success. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution, offering unique physicochemical and optical properties that enable improved diagnosis and targeted drug delivery through nanoparticle (NP) encapsulation, which can lower dosing requirements and enhance efficacy. Over the past decade, nanotechnology has been increasingly applied in both TB diagnostics and therapy. The article also highlights recent advancements in anti-TB drug development and government initiatives aimed at reducing TB prevalence.