Social determinants of self-medication with leftover antibiotics in Lebanese households: A cross-sectional study

This study investigated self-medication with leftover antibiotics (LA) in Lebanon, highlighting how socio-economic and political instability drive misuse and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Surveying 368 adults, researchers found LA use was more common among men, older individuals, those with lower education, chronic disease, higher household crowding, and people affected by economic crisis, political instability, and drug shortages. Multivariable analysis identified chronic disease, economic hardship, and prior illness experience as key predictors of LA use. The findings underscore the urgent need for multi-sectoral interventions to reduce antibiotic misuse by improving healthcare access, addressing economic vulnerabilities, and raising public awareness.