What Are the Drivers Triggering Antimicrobial Resistance Emergence and Spread? Outlook from a One Health Perspective

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, causing nearly five million deaths annually and imposing a $730 billion economic burden. The One Health framework identifies intrinsic factors like antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements, as well as extrinsic drivers like environmental stressors, socioeconomic practices, healthcare policies, and climate change. The review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration, robust policy implementation, and innovative technologies to mitigate AMR transmission, safeguard global health, and ensure sustainable development.